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China's
Main Page
Chinese
International Disputes
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Disputes
- international:
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continuing
talks and confidence-building measures
work toward reducing tensions over
Kashmir that nonetheless remains
militarized with portions under the de
facto administration of China (Aksai
Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern
Areas); India does not recognize
Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands
to China in 1964; China and India
continue their security and foreign
policy dialogue started in 2005 related
to the dispute over most of their
rugged, militarized boundary, regional
nuclear proliferation, and other
matters; China claims most of India's
Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the
Himalayas; lacking any treaty describing
the boundary, Bhutan and China continue
negotiations to establish a common
boundary alignment to resolve
territorial disputes due to cartographic
discrepancies; Chinese maps show an
international boundary symbol off the
coasts of the littoral states of the
South China Seas, where China has
interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon
exploration; China asserts sovereignty
over Scarborough Reef along with the
Philippines and Taiwan, and over the
Spratly Islands together with Malaysia,
the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and
Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on
the Conduct of Parties in the South
China Sea" eased tensions in the
Spratly's but is not the legally binding
"code of conduct" sought by
some parties; Vietnam and China continue
to expand construction of facilities in
the Spratly's and in March 2005, the
national oil companies of China, the
Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint
accord on marine seismic activities in
the Spratly Islands; China occupies some
of the Paracel Islands also claimed by
Vietnam and Taiwan; China and Taiwan
continue to reject both Japan's claims
to the uninhabited islands of
Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's
unilaterally declared equidistance line
in the East China Sea, the site of
intensive hydrocarbon exploration and
exploitation; certain islands in the
Yalu and Tumen rivers are in dispute
with North Korea; North Korea and China
seek to stem illegal migration to China
by North Koreans, fleeing privations and
oppression, by building a fence along
portions of the border and imprisoning
North Koreans deported by China; China
and Russia have demarcated the once
disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri
confluence and in the Argun River in
accordance with their 2004 Agreement;
China and Tajikistan have begun
demarcating the revised boundary agreed
to in the delimitation of 2002; the
decade-long demarcation of the
China-Vietnam land boundary was
completed in 2009; citing environmental,
cultural, and social concerns, China has
reconsidered construction of 13 dams on
the Salween River, but energy-starved
Burma, with backing from Thailand,
remains intent on building five
hydro-electric dams downstream despite
regional and international protests;
Chinese and Hong Kong authorities met in
March 2008 to resolve ownership and use
of lands recovered in Shenzhen River
channelization, including 96-hectare Lok
Ma Chau Loop; Hong Kong developing plans
to reduce 2,000 out of 2,800 hectares of
its restricted Closed Area by 2010
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Refugees
and internally displaced persons:
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refugees
(country of origin): 300,897
(Vietnam); estimated 30,000-50,000
(North Korea)
IDPs:
90,000
(2007)
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Trafficking
in persons:
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current
situation: China
is a source, transit, and destination
country for men, women, and children
trafficked for the purposes of sexual
exploitation and forced labor; the
majority of trafficking in China occurs
within the country's borders, but there
is also considerable international
trafficking of Chinese citizens to
Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, the
Middle East, and North America; Chinese
women are lured abroad through false
promises of legitimate employment, only
to be forced into commercial sexual
exploitation, largely in Taiwan,
Thailand, Malaysia, and Japan; women and
children are trafficked to China from
Mongolia, Burma, North Korea, Russia,
and Vietnam for forced labor, marriage,
and prostitution; some North Korean
women and children seeking to leave
their country voluntarily cross the
border into China and are then sold into
prostitution, marriage, or forced labor
tier
rating: Tier
2 Watch List - China is on the Tier 2
Watch List for the fourth consecutive
year for its failure to provide evidence
of increasing efforts to combat human
trafficking, particularly in terms of
punishment of trafficking crimes and the
protection of Chinese and foreign
victims of trafficking; victims are
sometimes punished for unlawful acts
that were committed as a direct result
of their being trafficked, such as
violations of prostitution or
immigration/emigration controls; the
Chinese Government continued to treat
North Korean victims of trafficking
solely as economic migrants, routinely
deporting them back to horrendous
conditions in North Korea; additional
challenges facing the Chinese Government
include the enormous size of its
trafficking problem and the significant
level of corruption and complicity in
trafficking by some local government
officials (2008)
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Illicit
drugs:
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major
transshipment point for heroin produced
in the Golden Triangle region of
Southeast Asia; growing domestic
consumption of synthetic drugs, and
heroin from Southeast and Southwest
Asia; source country for methamphetamine
and heroin chemical precursors, despite
new regulations on its large chemical
industry (2008)
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