|
|
|
Background:
|
Singapore
was founded as a British trading
colony in 1819. It joined the
Malaysian Federation in 1963 but
separated two years later and became
independent. Singapore subsequently
became one of the world's most
prosperous countries with strong
international trading links (its port
is one of the world's busiest in terms
of tonnage handled) and with per
capita GDP equal to that of the
leading nations of Western Europe.
|
|
|
|
Location:
|
Southeastern
Asia, islands between Malaysia and
Indonesia
|
|
Geographic
coordinates:
|
1
22 N, 103 48 E
|
|
Map
references:
|
Southeast
Asia
|
|
Area:
|
total:
697
sq km
country
comparison to the world: 192
land:
687
sq km
water:
10
sq km
|
|
Area
- comparative:
|
slightly
more than 3.5 times the size of
Washington, DC
|
|
Land
boundaries:
|
0
km
|
|
Coastline:
|
193
km
|
|
Maritime
claims:
|
territorial
sea: 3
nm
exclusive
fishing zone: within
and beyond territorial sea, as defined
in treaties and practice
|
|
Climate:
|
tropical;
hot, humid, rainy; two distinct
monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon
(December to March) and Southwestern
monsoon (June to September);
inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and
early evening thunderstorms
|
|
Terrain:
|
lowland;
gently undulating central plateau
contains water catchment area and
nature preserve
|
|
Elevation
extremes:
|
lowest
point: Singapore
Strait 0 m
highest
point: Bukit
Timah 166 m
|
|
Natural
resources:
|
fish,
deepwater ports
|
|
Land
use:
|
arable
land: 1.47%
permanent
crops: 1.47%
other:
97.06%
(2005)
|
|
Irrigated
land:
|
NA
|
|
Total
renewable water resources:
|
0.6
cu km (1975)
|
|
Freshwater
withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural):
|
total:
0.19
cu km/yr (45%/51%/4%)
per
capita: 44
cu m/yr (1975)
|
|
Natural
hazards:
|
NA
|
|
Environment
- current issues:
|
industrial
pollution; limited natural freshwater
resources; limited land availability
presents waste disposal problems;
seasonal smoke/haze resulting from
forest fires in Indonesia
|
|
Environment
- international agreements:
|
party
to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution
signed,
but not ratified: none
of the selected agreements
|
|
Geography
- note:
|
focal
point for Southeast Asian sea routes
|
|
|
|
People
and Society ::Singapore |
Nationality:
|
noun:
Singaporean(s)
adjective:
Singapore
|
|
Ethnic
groups:
|
Chinese
76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian 7.9%, other
1.4% (2000 census)
|
|
Languages:
|
Mandarin
(official) 35%, English (official)
23%, Malay (official) 14.1%, Hokkien
11.4%, Cantonese 5.7%, Teochew 4.9%,
Tamil (official) 3.2%, other Chinese
dialects 1.8%, other 0.9% (2000
census)
|
|
Religions:
|
Buddhist
42.5%, Muslim 14.9%, Taoist 8.5%,
Hindu 4%, Catholic 4.8%, other
Christian 9.8%, other 0.7%, none 14.8%
(2000 census)
|
|
Population:
|
4,740,737
(July 2011 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 118 |
|
Age
structure:
|
0-14
years: 13.8%
(male 338,419/female 314,704)
15-64
years: 77%
(male 1,774,444/female 1,874,985)
65
years and over: 9.2%
(male 196,101/female 242,084) (2011
est.)
|
|
Median
age:
|
total:
40.1
years
male:
39.6
years
female:
40.6
years (2011 est.)
|
|
Population
growth rate:
|
0.817%
(2011 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 132 |
|
Birth
rate:
|
8.5
births/1,000 population (2011 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 216 |
|
Death
rate:
|
4.95
deaths/1,000 population (July 2011
est.)
country
comparison to the world: 187 |
|
Net
migration rate:
|
4.63
migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011
est.)
country
comparison to the world: 20 |
|
Urbanization:
|
urban
population: 100%
of total population (2010)
rate
of urbanization: 0.9%
annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|
|
Sex
ratio:
|
at
birth: 1.077
male(s)/female
under
15 years: 1.08
male(s)/female
15-64
years: 0.95
male(s)/female
65
years and over: 0.81
male(s)/female
total
population: 0.95
male(s)/female (2011 est.)
|
|
Maternal
mortality rate:
|
9
deaths/100,000 live births (2008)
country
comparison to the world: 148 |
|
Infant
mortality rate:
|
total:
2.32
deaths/1,000 live births
country
comparison to the world: 221
male:
2.52
deaths/1,000 live births
female:
2.11
deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)
|
|
Life
expectancy at birth:
|
total
population: 82.14
years
country
comparison to the world: 7
male:
79.53
years
female:
84.96
years (2011 est.)
|
|
Total
fertility rate:
|
1.11
children born/woman (2011 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 220 |
|
Health
expenditures:
|
3.9%
of GDP (2009)
country
comparison to the world: 168 |
|
Physicians
density:
|
1.833
physicians/1,000 population (2009)
country
comparison to the world: 72 |
|
Hospital
bed density:
|
3.14
beds/1,000 population (2008)
country
comparison to the world: 69 |
|
Drinking
water source:
|
improved:
urban:
100% of population
total:
100% of population (2008)
|
|
Sanitation
facility access:
|
improved:
urban:
100% of population
total:
100% of population
unimproved:
urban:
0% of population
total:
0% of population (2008)
|
|
HIV/AIDS
- adult prevalence rate:
|
0.1%
(2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 161 |
|
HIV/AIDS
- people living with HIV/AIDS:
|
3,400
(2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 127 |
|
HIV/AIDS
- deaths:
|
fewer
than 100 (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 152 |
|
Obesity
- adult prevalence rate:
|
6.9%
(2004)
country
comparison to the world: 61 |
|
Children
under the age of 5 years underweight:
|
3.3%
(2000)
country
comparison to the world: 103 |
|
Education
expenditures:
|
3%
of GDP (2009)
country
comparison to the world: 131 |
|
Literacy:
|
definition:
age
15 and over can read and write
total
population: 92.5%
male:
96.6%
female:
88.6%
(2000 census)
|
|
School
life expectancy (primary to tertiary
education):
|
NA
|
|
Unemployment,
youth ages 15-24:
|
total:
12.9%
country
comparison to the world: 87
male:
9.9%
female:
16.6%
(2009)
|
|
|
|
Country
name:
|
conventional
long form: Republic
of Singapore
conventional
short form: Singapore
local
long form: Republic
of Singapore
local
short form: Singapore
|
|
Government
type:
|
parliamentary
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
name:
Singapore
geographic
coordinates: 1
17 N, 103 51 E
time
difference: UTC+8
(13 hours ahead of Washington, DC
during Standard Time)
|
|
Administrative
divisions:
|
none
|
|
Independence:
|
9
August 1965 (from Malaysian
Federation)
|
|
National
holiday:
|
National
Day, 9 August (1965)
|
|
Constitution:
|
3
June 1959; amended 1965 (based on
pre-independence State of Singapore
Constitution)
|
|
Legal
system:
|
English
common law
|
|
International
law organization participation:
|
has
not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction
declaration; non-party state to the
ICCt
|
|
Suffrage:
|
21
years of age; universal and compulsory
|
|
Executive
branch:
|
chief
of state: President
Tony TAN Keng Yam (since 1 September
2011)
head
of government: Prime
Minister LEE Hsien Loong (since 12
August 2004); Deputy Prime Minister
TEO Chee Hean (since 1 April 2009) and
Deputy Prime Minister THARMAN
Shanmugaratnam (since 21 May 2011);
Senior Minister HENG Chee How (since
21 May 2011)
cabinet:
appointed
by president, responsible to
parliament
elections:
president
elected by popular vote for six-year
term; election last held on 27 August
2011 (next election to be held by
August 2017); following legislative
elections, leader of majority party or
leader of majority coalition usually
appointed prime minister by president;
deputy prime ministers appointed by
president
election
results: Tony
TAN Keng Yam elected president from a
field of four candidates with 35.2% of
the votes cast
|
|
Legislative
branch:
|
unicameral
Parliament (87 seats; members elected
by popular vote to serve five-year
terms); note - in addition, there are
up to nine nominated members; up to
three losing opposition candidates who
came closest to winning seats may be
appointed as "nonconstituency"
members
elections:
last
held on 7 May 2011 (next to be held in
May 2016)
election
results: percent
of vote by party - PAP 60.1%, WP
12.8%, NSP 12.1%, others 15%; seats by
party - PAP 81, WP 6
|
|
Judicial
branch:
|
Supreme
Court (chief justice is appointed by
the president with the advice of the
prime minister, other judges are
appointed by the president with the
advice of the chief justice); Court of
Appeals
|
|
Political
parties and leaders:
|
National
Solidarity Party or NSP [GOH Meng Seng];
People's Action Party or PAP [LEE
Hsien Loong]; Reform Party [NG Teck
Siong]; Singapore Democratic Alliance
or SDA [CHIAM See Tong]; Singapore
Democratic Party or SDP [CHEE Soon
Juan]; Workers' Party or WP [Sylvia
LIM Swee Lian]
note:
SDA
includes Singapore Justice Party or
SJP, Singapore National Malay
Organization or PKMS, Singapore
People's Party or SPP
|
|
Political
pressure groups and leaders:
|
none
|
|
International
organization participation:
|
ADB,
AOSIS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, C, CP,
EAS, FATF, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO,
ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNMIT, UPU, WCO,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|
|
Diplomatic
representation in the US:
|
chief
of mission: Ambassador
CHAN Heng Chee
chancery:
3501
International Place NW, Washington, DC
20008
telephone:
[1]
(202) 537-3100
FAX:
[1]
(202) 537-0876
consulate(s)
general: San
Francisco
consulate(s):
New
York
|
|
Diplomatic
representation from the US:
|
chief
of mission: Ambassador
David I. ADELMAN
embassy:
27
Napier Road, Singapore 258508
mailing
address: FPO
AP 96507-0001
telephone:
[65]
6476-9100
FAX:
[65]
6476-9340
|
|
Flag
description:
|
two
equal horizontal bands of red (top)
and white; near the hoist side of the
red band, there is a vertical, white
crescent (closed portion is toward the
hoist side) partially enclosing five
white five-pointed stars arranged in a
circle; red denotes brotherhood and
equality; white signifies purity and
virtue; the waxing crescent moon
symbolizes a young nation on the
ascendancy; the five stars represent
the nation's ideals of democracy,
peace, progress, justice, and equality
|
|
National
symbol(s):
|
lion
|
|
National
anthem:
|
name:
"Majulah
Singapura" (Onward Singapore)
lyrics/music:
ZUBIR
Said
note:
adopted
1965; the anthem, which was first
performed in 1958 at the Victoria
Theatre, is sung only in Malay
|
|
|
|
Economy
- overview:
|
Singapore
has a highly developed and successful
free-market economy. It enjoys a
remarkably open and corruption-free
environment, stable prices, and a per
capita GDP higher than that of most
developed countries. The economy
depends heavily on exports,
particularly in consumer electronics,
information technology products,
pharmaceuticals, and on a growing
financial services sector. Real GDP
growth averaged 7.1% between 2004 and
2007. The economy contracted 1.3% in
2009 as a result of the global
financial crisis, but rebounded nearly
14.7% in 2010, on the strength of
renewed exports. Over the longer term,
the government hopes to establish a
new growth path that focuses on
raising productivity, which has sunk
to 1% growth per year in the last
decade. Singapore has attracted major
investments in pharmaceuticals and
medical technology production and will
continue efforts to establish
Singapore as Southeast Asia's
financial and high-tech hub.
|
|
GDP
(purchasing power parity):
|
$291.9
billion (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 41
$255.1
billion (2009 est.)
$257
billion (2008 est.)
note:
data
are in 2010 US dollars
|
|
GDP
(official exchange rate):
|
$222.7
billion (2010 est.)
|
|
GDP
- real growth rate:
|
14.5%
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 3
-0.8%
(2009 est.)
1.5%
(2008 est.)
|
|
GDP
- per capita (PPP):
|
$62,100
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 5
$54,800
(2009 est.)
$55,800
(2008 est.)
note:
data
are in 2010 US dollars
|
|
GDP
- composition by sector:
|
agriculture:
0%
industry:
28.3%
services:
71.7%
(2010 est.)
|
|
Labor
force:
|
3.156
million (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 101 |
|
Labor
force - by occupation:
|
agriculture:
0.1%
industry:
30.2%
services:
69.7%
(2010)
|
|
Unemployment
rate:
|
2.2%
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 17
3%
(2009 est.)
|
|
Population
below poverty line:
|
NA%
|
|
Household
income or consumption by percentage
share:
|
lowest
10%: 4.4%
highest
10%: 23.2%
(2008)
|
|
Distribution
of family income - Gini index:
|
47.8
(2009)
country
comparison to the world: 27
48.1
(2008)
|
|
Investment
(gross fixed):
|
25%
of GDP (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 44 |
|
Budget:
|
revenues:
$32.7
billion
expenditures:
$32.31
billion
note:
expenditures
include both operational and
development expenditures (2010 est.)
|
|
Taxes
and other revenues:
|
14.7%
of GDP (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 185 |
|
Budget
surplus (+) or deficit (-):
|
0.2%
of GDP (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 39 |
|
Public
debt:
|
105.8%
of GDP (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 9
109.3%
of GDP (2009 est.)
note:
for
Singapore, public debt consists
largely of Singapore Government
Securities (SGS) issued to assist the
Central Provident Fund (CPF), which
administers Singapore's defined
contribution pension fund; special
issues of SGS are held by the CPF, and
are non-tradeable; the government has
not borrowed to finance deficit
expenditures since the 1980s
|
|
Inflation
rate (consumer prices):
|
2.8%
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 98
0.6%
(2009 est.)
|
|
Commercial
bank prime lending rate:
|
5.38%
(31 December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 163
5.38%
(31 December 2009 est.)
|
|
Stock
of narrow money:
|
$87.18
billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 36
$66.77
billion (31 December 2009 est.)
|
|
Stock
of broad money:
|
$294.4
billion (30 November 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 30
$255.2
billion (31 December 2009 est.)
|
|
Stock
of domestic credit:
|
$202.1
billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 39
$172.4
billion (31 December 2009 est.)
|
|
Market
value of publicly traded shares:
|
$620.5
billion (31 December 2010)
country
comparison to the world: 20
$474.3
billion (31 December 2009)
$268.6
billion (31 December 2008)
|
|
Agriculture
- products:
|
orchids,
vegetables; poultry, eggs; fish,
ornamental fish
|
|
Industries:
|
electronics,
chemicals, financial services, oil
drilling equipment, petroleum
refining, rubber processing and rubber
products, processed food and
beverages, ship repair, offshore
platform construction, life sciences,
entrepot trade
|
|
Industrial
production growth rate:
|
29.6%
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 1 |
|
Electricity
- production:
|
39.21
billion kWh (2008 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 55 |
|
Electricity
- consumption:
|
37.11
billion kWh (2008 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 55 |
|
Electricity
- exports:
|
0
kWh (2009 est.)
|
|
Electricity
- imports:
|
0
kWh (2009 est.)
|
|
Oil
- production:
|
10,910
bbl/day (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 84 |
|
Oil
- consumption:
|
1.08
million bbl/day (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 19 |
|
Oil
- exports:
|
1.374
million bbl/day (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 19 |
|
Oil
- imports:
|
2.052
million bbl/day (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 10 |
|
Oil
- proved reserves:
|
0
bbl (1 January 2011 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 189 |
|
Natural
gas - production:
|
0
cu m (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 121 |
|
Natural
gas - consumption:
|
9.66
billion cu m (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 47 |
|
Natural
gas - exports:
|
0
cu m (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 177 |
|
Natural
gas - imports:
|
9.66
billion cu m (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 24 |
|
Natural
gas - proved reserves:
|
0
cu m (1 January 2011 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 127 |
|
Current
account balance:
|
$46.27
billion (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 9
$32.63
billion (2009 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
$358.4
billion (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 14
$273.4
billion (2009 est.)
|
|
Exports
- commodities:
|
machinery
and equipment (including electronics),
consumer goods, pharmaceuticals and
other chemicals, mineral fuels
|
|
Exports
- partners:
|
Malaysia
11.9%, Hong Kong 11.7%, China 10.4%,
Indonesia 9.4%, US 6.5%, Japan 4.7%,
South Korea 4.1% (2010)
|
|
Imports:
|
$310.4
billion (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 15
$243.2
billion (2009 est.)
|
|
Imports
- commodities:
|
machinery
and equipment, mineral fuels,
chemicals, foodstuffs, consumer goods
|
|
Imports
- partners:
|
Malaysia
11.7%, US 11.5%, China 10.8%, Japan
7.9%, South Korea 5.8%, Indonesia 5.4%
(2010)
|
|
Reserves
of foreign exchange and gold:
|
$225.7
billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 11
$187.8
billion (31 December 2009 est.)
|
|
Debt
- external:
|
$21.82
billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 70
$20.3
billion (31 December 2009 est.)
|
|
Stock
of direct foreign investment - at
home:
|
$298.7
billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 18
$260.5
billion (31 December 2009 est.)
|
|
Stock
of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|
$173.2
billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 21
$167.4
billion (31 December 2009 est.)
|
|
Exchange
rates:
|
Singapore
dollars (SGD) per US dollar -
1.3702
(2010)
1.4545
(2009)
1.415
(2008)
1.507
(2007)
1.5889
(2006)
|
|
|
|
Communications
::Singapore |
Telephones
- main lines in use:
|
1.852
million (2009)
country
comparison to the world: 62 |
|
Telephones
- mobile cellular:
|
6.652
million (2009)
country
comparison to the world: 83 |
|
Telephone
system:
|
general
assessment: excellent
service
domestic:
excellent
domestic facilities; launched 3G
wireless service in February 2005;
combined fixed-line and
mobile-cellular teledensity is more
than 180 telephones per 100 persons
international:
country
code - 65; numerous submarine cables
provide links throughout Asia,
Australia, the Middle East, Europe,
and US; satellite earth stations - 4;
supplemented by VSAT coverage (2008)
|
|
Broadcast
media:
|
state
controls broadcast media; 8 domestic
TV stations operated by MediaCorp,
wholly owned by a state investment
company; broadcasts from Malaysian and
Indonesian stations available;
satellite dishes banned; multi-channel
cable TV service is accessible; a
total of 18 domestic radio stations
broadcasting with MediaCorp operating
more than a dozen and another 4
stations are closely linked to the
ruling party or controlled by the
Singapore Armed Forces Reservists
Association; large number of Malaysian
and Indonesian radio stations are
available (2008)
|
|
Internet
country code:
|
.sg
|
|
Internet
hosts:
|
992,786
(2010)
country
comparison to the world: 44 |
|
Internet
users:
|
3.235
million (2009)
country
comparison to the world: 65
|
|
|
|
Transportation
::Singapore |
Airports:
|
8
(2010)
country
comparison to the world: 166 |
|
Airports
- with paved runways:
|
total:
8
over
3,047 m: 2
2,438
to 3,047 m: 1
1,524
to 2,437 m: 4
914
to 1,523 m: 1
(2010)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
gas
111 km (2010)
|
|
Roadways:
|
total:
3,356
km
country
comparison to the world: 163
paved:
3,356
km (includes 161 km of expressways)
(2009)
|
|
Merchant
marine:
|
total:
1,422
country
comparison to the world: 6
by
type: bulk
carrier 183, cargo 88, carrier 6,
chemical tanker 233, container 321,
liquefied gas 117, petroleum tanker
404, refrigerated cargo 5, roll
on/roll off 13, vehicle carrier 52
foreign-owned:
850
(Australia 11, Bangladesh 2, Bermuda
21, Chile 7, China 26, Cyprus 3,
Denmark 125, France 3, Germany 30,
Greece 19, Hong Kong 38, India 19,
Indonesia 53, Italy 3, Japan 146,
Malaysia 27, Netherlands 1, Norway
132, Slovenia 1, South Africa 3, South
Korea 9, Sweden 9, Switzerland 4,
Taiwan 79, Thailand 30, UAE 10, UK 6,
US 33)
note:
this
country allows large numbers of ships
owned by foreign entities to be
registered in its national shipping
registry and to fly its flag; these
ships operate under the laws of the
flag state
registered
in other countries: 327
(Australia 2, Bahamas 7, Bangladesh 3,
Belize 7, Cambodia 4, Cyprus 1,
Dominica 1, France 3, Gibraltar 1,
Honduras 12, Hong Kong 13, Indonesia
42, Isle of Man 1, Kiribati 11,
Liberia 27, Malaysia 19, Malta 3,
Marshall Islands 28, Mongolia 1, North
Korea 2, Panama 79, Philippines 1,
Saint Kitts and Nevis 5, Sierra Leone
5, Thailand 1, Tuvalu 25, US 17,
unknown 6) (2010)
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Ports
and terminals:
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Singapore
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Transportation
- note:
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the
International Maritime Bureau reports
the territorial and offshore waters in
the South China Sea as high risk for
piracy and armed robbery against
ships; numerous commercial vessels
have been attacked and hijacked both
at anchor and while underway; hijacked
vessels are often disguised and cargo
diverted to ports in East Asia; crews
have been murdered or cast adrift
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Military
branches:
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Singapore
Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force
(includes Air Defense) (2010)
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Military
service age and obligation:
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18-21
years of age for male compulsory
military service; 16 years of age for
volunteers; 2-year conscript service
obligation, with a reserve obligation
to age 40 (enlisted) or age 50
(officers) (2008)
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Manpower
available for military service:
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males
age 16-49: 1,255,902
(2010 est.)
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Manpower
fit for military service:
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males
age 16-49: 1,018,839
females
age 16-49: 1,087,134
(2010 est.)
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Manpower
reaching militarily significant age
annually:
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male:
27,098
female:
25,368
(2010 est.)
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Military
expenditures:
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4.9%
of GDP (2005 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 17
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Transnational
Issues ::Singapore |
Disputes
- international:
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disputes
persist with Malaysia over deliveries
of fresh water to Singapore,
Singapore's extensive land reclamation
works, bridge construction, and
maritime boundaries in the Johor and
Singapore Straits; in 2008, ICJ awards
sovereignty of Pedra Branca (Pulau
Batu Puteh/Horsburgh Island) to
Singapore, and Middle Rocks to
Malaysia, but does not rule on
maritime regimes, boundaries, or
disposition of South Ledge; Indonesia
and Singapore continue to work on
finalization of their 1973 maritime
boundary agreement by defining
unresolved areas north of Indonesia's
Batam Island; piracy remains a problem
in the Malacca Strait
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Illicit
drugs:
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drug
abuse limited because of aggressive
law enforcement efforts; as a
transportation and financial services
hub, Singapore is vulnerable, despite
strict laws and enforcement, as a
venue for money laundering
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