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Japan
Main Page
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Introduction
::Japan
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In 1603, after decades of civil
warfare, the Tokugawa shogunate (a military-led,
dynastic government) ushered in a long period of
relative political stability and isolation from
foreign influence. For more than two centuries
this policy enabled Japan to enjoy a flowering of
its indigenous culture. Japan opened its ports
after signing the Treaty of Kanagawa with the US
in 1854 and began to intensively modernize and
industrialize. During the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, Japan became a regional power that was
able to defeat the forces of both China and
Russia. It occupied Korea, Formosa (Taiwan), and
southern Sakhalin Island. In 1931-32 Japan
occupied Manchuria, and in 1937 it launched a
full-scale invasion of China. Japan attacked US
forces in 1941 - triggering America's entry into
World War II - and soon occupied much of East and
Southeast Asia. After its defeat in World War II,
Japan recovered to become an economic power and an
ally of the US. While the emperor retains his
throne as a symbol of national unity, elected
politicians hold actual decision-making power.
Following three decades of unprecedented growth,
Japan's economy experienced a major slowdown
starting in the 1990s, but the country remains a
major economic power.
Geography
::Japan
Location:
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Eastern Asia, island
chain between the North Pacific Ocean and
the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean
Peninsula
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Geographic
coordinates:
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36 00 N, 138 00 E
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Map references:
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Asia
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Area:
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total: 377,915
sq km
country
comparison to the world: 61
land: 364,485
sq km
water: 13,430
sq km
note: includes
Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto,
Minami-jima, Okino-tori-shima, Ryukyu
Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano
Islands (Kazan-retto)
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than
California
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Land boundaries:
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0 km
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Coastline:
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29,751 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12
nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the
international straits - La Perouse or
Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and Eastern and
Western Channels of the Korea or Tsushima
Strait
contiguous zone: 24
nm
exclusive economic
zone: 200
nm
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Climate:
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Current
Weather
varies from tropical in
south to cool temperate in north
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Terrain:
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mostly rugged and
mountainous
|
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Hachiro-gata
-4 m
highest point: Fujiyama
3,776 m
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Natural resources:
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negligible mineral
resources, fish
note: with
virtually no energy natural resources,
Japan is the world's largest importer of
coal and liquefied natural gas, as well as
the second largest importer of oil
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Land use:
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arable land: 11.64%
permanent crops: 0.9%
other: 87.46%
(2005)
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Irrigated land:
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25,920 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable
water resources:
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430 cu km (1999)
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Freshwater
withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 88.43
cu km/yr (20%/18%/62%)
per capita: 690
cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards:
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many dormant and some
active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic
occurrences (mostly tremors) every year;
tsunamis; typhoons
volcanism: both
Unzen (elev. 1,500 m, 4,621 ft) and
Sakura-jima (elev. 1,117 m, 3,665 ft),
which lies near the densely populated city
of Kagoshima, have been deemed
"Decade Volcanoes" by the
International Association of Volcanology
and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior,
worthy of study due to their explosive
history and close proximity to human
populations; other notable historically
active volcanoes include Asama, Honshu
Island's most active volcano, Aso, Bandai,
Fuji, Iwo-Jima, Kikai, Kirishima, Komaga-take,
Oshima, Suwanosejima, Tokachi, Yake-dake,
and Usu
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Environment -
current issues:
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air pollution from
power plant emissions results in acid
rain; acidification of lakes and
reservoirs degrading water quality and
threatening aquatic life; Japan is one of
the largest consumers of fish and tropical
timber, contributing to the depletion of
these resources in Asia and elsewhere
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Environment -
international agreements:
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party to: Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not
ratified: none
of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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strategic location in
northeast Asia
People
::Japan
Population:
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126,804,433
(July 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 10 |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 13.5%
(male 8,804,465/female 8,344,800)
15-64 years: 64.3%
(male 41,187,425/female
40,533,876)
65 years and
over: 22.2%
(male 11,964,694/female
16,243,419) (2010 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 44.6
years
male: 42.9
years
female: 46.5
years (2010 est.)
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Population
growth rate:
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-0.242% (2010
est.)
country
comparison to the world: 216 |
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Birth rate:
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7.41
births/1,000 population (2010
est.)
country
comparison to the world: 223 |
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Death rate:
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9.83
deaths/1,000 population (July 2010
est.)
country
comparison to the world: 60 |
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Net
migration rate:
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0 migrant(s)/1,000
population
country
comparison to the world: 96 |
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Urbanization:
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urban
population: 66%
of total population (2008)
rate of
urbanization: 0.2%
annual rate of change (2005-10
est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.056
male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.06
male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02
male(s)/female
65 years and
over: 0.74
male(s)/female
total
population: 0.95
male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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Infant
mortality rate:
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total: 2.79
deaths/1,000 live births
country
comparison to the world: 220
male: 2.98
deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.58
deaths/1,000 live births (2010
est.)
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Life
expectancy at birth:
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total
population: 82.17
years
country
comparison to the world: 5
male: 78.87
years
female: 85.66
years (2010 est.)
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Total
fertility rate:
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1.2 children
born/woman (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 221 |
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HIV/AIDS -
adult prevalence rate:
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less than 0.1%
(2003 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 150 |
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HIV/AIDS -
people living with HIV/AIDS:
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9,600 (2007
est.)
country
comparison to the world: 107 |
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HIV/AIDS -
deaths:
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fewer than 100
(2007 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 141 |
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Nationality:
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noun: Japanese
(singular and plural)
adjective: Japanese
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Ethnic
groups:
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Japanese 98.5%,
Koreans 0.5%, Chinese 0.4%, other
0.6%
note: up
to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese
origin migrated to Japan in the
1990s to work in industries; some
have returned to Brazil (2004)
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Religions:
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Shintoism
83.9%, Buddhism 71.4%,
Christianity 2%, other 7.8%
note: total
adherents exceeds 100% because
many people belong to both
Shintoism and Buddhism (2005)
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Languages:
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Japanese
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Literacy:
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definition: age
15 and over can read and write
total
population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99%
(2002)
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School life
expectancy (primary to tertiary
education):
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total: 15
years
male: 15
years
female: 15
years (2008)
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Education
expenditures:
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3.7% of GDP
(2007)
country
comparison to the world: 126
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Government
::Japan
Country
name:
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conventional
long form: none
conventional
short form: Japan
local
long form: Nihon-koku/Nippon-koku
local
short form: Nihon/Nippon
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Government
type:
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a
parliamentary government
with a constitutional
monarchy
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Capital:
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name: Tokyo
geographic
coordinates: 35
41 N, 139 45 E
time
difference: UTC+9
(14 hours ahead of
Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
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Administrative
divisions:
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47
prefectures; Aichi, Akita,
Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui,
Fukuoka, Fukushima, Gifu,
Gunma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido,
Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa,
Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima,
Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto,
Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi,
Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki,
Nara, Niigata, Oita,
Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka,
Saga, Saitama, Shiga,
Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi,
Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori,
Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata,
Yamaguchi, Yamanashi
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Independence:
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3 May
1947 (current constitution
adopted as amendment to
Meiji Constitution); notable
earlier dates: 660 B.C.
(traditional date of the
founding of the nation by
Emperor JIMMU); 29 November
1890 (Meiji Constitution
provides for constitutional
monarchy)
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National
holiday:
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Birthday
of Emperor AKIHITO, 23
December (1933)
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Constitution:
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3 May
1947
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Legal
system:
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modeled
after European civil law
systems with
English-American influence;
judicial review of
legislative acts in the
Supreme Court; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
with reservations
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Suffrage:
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20 years
of age; universal
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Executive
branch:
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chief of
state: Emperor
AKIHITO (since 7 January
1989)
head of
government: Prime
Minister Naoto KAN (since 8
June 2010)
cabinet: Cabinet
is appointed by the prime
minister
elections:
Diet
designates the prime
minister; constitution
requires that the prime
minister commands
parliamentary majority;
following legislative
elections, the leader of
majority party or leader of
majority coalition in House
of Representatives usually
becomes prime minister; the
monarchy is hereditary
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Legislative
branch:
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bicameral
Diet or Kokkai consists of
the House of Councillors or
Sangi-in (242 seats -
members elected for fixed
six-year terms; half
reelected every three years;
146 members in multi-seat
constituencies and 96 by
proportional representation)
and the House of
Representatives or Shugi-in
(480 seats - members elected
for maximum four-year terms;
300 in single-seat
constituencies; 180 members
by proportional
representation in 11
regional blocs); the prime
minister has the right to
dissolve the House of
Representatives at any time
with the concurrence of the
cabinet
elections:
House
of Councillors - last held
on 11 July 2010 (next to be
held in July 2013); House of
Representatives - last held
on 30 August 2009 (next to
be held by August 2013)
election
results: House
of Councillors - percent of
vote by party - DPJ 31.6%,
LDP 24.1%, YP 13.6%, NK
13.1%, JCP 6.1%, SDP 3.8%,
others 7.7%; seats by party
- DPJ 106, LDP 84, NK 19, YP
11, JCP 6, SDP 4, others 12
House of
Representatives - percent of
vote by party (by
proportional representation)
- DPJ 42.4%, LDP 26.7%, NK
11.5%, JCP 7.0%, SDP 4.3%,
others 8.1%; seats by party
- DPJ 308, LDP 119, NK 21,
JCP 9, SDP 7, others 16
(2009)
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Judicial
branch:
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Supreme
Court (chief justice is
appointed by the monarch
after designation by the
cabinet; all other justices
are appointed by the
cabinet)
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Political
parties and leaders:
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Democratic
Party of Japan or DPJ [Naoto
KAN]; Japan Communist Party
or JCP [Kazuo SHII]; Liberal
Democratic Party or LDP [Sadakazu
TANIGAKI]; New Komeito or NK
[Natsuo YAMAGUCHI]; People's
New Party or PNP [Shizuka
KAMEI]; Social Democratic
Party or SDP [Mizuho
FUKUSHIMA]; Your Party or YP
[Yoshimi WATANABE]
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Political
pressure groups and leaders:
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other: business
groups; trade unions
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International
organization participation:
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ADB, AfDB
(nonregional member), APEC,
ARF, ASEAN (dialogue
partner), Australia Group,
BIS, CE (observer), CERN
(observer), CICA (observer),
CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF,
G-20, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU,
ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA,
NEA, NSG, OAS (observer),
OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner),
Paris Club, PCA, PIF
(partner), SAARC (observer),
SECI (observer), UN, UN
Security Council
(temporary), UNCTAD, UNDOF,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIS,
UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
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Diplomatic
representation in the US:
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chief of
mission: Ambassador
Ichiro FUJISAKI
chancery:
2520
Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
[1]
(202) 238-6700
FAX: [1]
(202) 328-2187
consulate(s)
general: Atlanta,
Boston, Chicago, Denver,
Detroit, Agana (Guam),
Honolulu, Houston, Los
Angeles, Miami, New York,
Portland (Oregon), San
Francisco, Seattle
consulate(s):
Anchorage,
Nashville
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Diplomatic
representation from the US:
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chief of
mission: Ambassador
John V. ROOS
embassy: 1-10-5
Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo
107-8420
mailing
address: Unit
9800, Box 300, APO AP
96303-0300
telephone:
[81]
(03) 3224-5000
FAX: [81]
(03) 3505-1862
consulate(s)
general: Naha
(Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe,
Sapporo
consulate(s):
Fukuoka,
Nagoya
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Flag
description:
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white
with a large red disk
(representing the sun
without rays) in the center
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National
anthem:
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name: "Kimigayo"
(The Emperor"s Reign)
lyrics/music:
unknown/Hiromori
HAYASHI
note:
adopted
1999; in use as unofficial
national anthem since 1883;
oldest anthem lyrics in the
world, dating to the 10th
century or earlier; there is
some opposition to the
anthem because of its
association with militarism
and worship of the emperor
Economy
::Japan
Economy
- overview:
|
In
the years following
World War II,
government-industry
cooperation, a
strong work ethic,
mastery of high
technology, and a
comparatively small
defense allocation
(1% of GDP) helped
Japan develop a
technologically
advanced economy.
Two notable
characteristics of
the post-war economy
were the close
interlocking
structures of
manufacturers,
suppliers, and
distributors, known
as keiretsu, and the
guarantee of
lifetime employment
for a substantial
portion of the urban
labor force. Both
features are now
eroding under the
dual pressures of
global competition
and domestic
demographic change.
Japan's industrial
sector is heavily
dependent on
imported raw
materials and fuels.
A tiny agricultural
sector is highly
subsidized and
protected, with crop
yields among the
highest in the
world. Usually self
sufficient in rice,
Japan imports about
60% of its food on a
caloric basis. Japan
maintains one of the
world's largest
fishing fleets and
accounts for nearly
15% of the global
catch. For three
decades, overall
real economic growth
had been spectacular
- a 10% average in
the 1960s, a 5%
average in the
1970s, and a 4%
average in the
1980s. Growth slowed
markedly in the
1990s, averaging
just 1.7%, largely
because of the after
effects of
inefficient
investment and an
asset price bubble
in the late 1980s
that required a
protracted period of
time for firms to
reduce excess debt,
capital, and labor.
The Japanese
financial sector was
not heavily exposed
to sub-prime
mortgages or their
derivative
instruments and
weathered the
initial effect of
the recent global
credit crunch, but a
sharp downturn in
business investment
and global demand
for Japan's exports
in late 2008 pushed
Japan further into
recession.
Government stimulus
spending helped the
economy recover in
late 2009 and 2010,
but Tokyo is warning
that GDP growth will
slow in 2011. Prime
Minister Kan's
government has
proposed opening the
agricultural and
services sectors to
greater foreign
competition and
boosting exports
through free-trade
agreements, but
debate continues on
restructuring the
economy and funding
new stimulus
programs in the face
of a tight fiscal
situation. Japan's
huge government
debt, which is
approaching 200
percent of GDP,
persistent
deflation, and an
aging and shrinking
population are major
complications for
the economy.
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|
GDP
(purchasing power
parity):
|
$4.338
trillion (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 4
$4.211
trillion (2009 est.)
$4.442
trillion (2008 est.)
note:
data
are in 2010 US
dollars
|
|
GDP
(official exchange
rate):
|
$5.391
trillion (2009 est.)
|
|
GDP
- real growth rate:
|
3%
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 125
-5.2%
(2009 est.)
-1.2%
(2008 est.)
|
|
GDP
- per capita (PPP):
|
$34,200
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 39
$33,100
(2009 est.)
$34,900
(2008 est.)
note:
data
are in 2010 US
dollars
|
|
GDP
- composition by
sector:
|
agriculture:
1.5%
industry:
22.8%
services:
75.7%
(2009 est.)
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Labor
force:
|
65.64
million (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 9 |
|
Labor
force - by
occupation:
|
agriculture:
4%
industry:
28%
services:
68%
(2009 est.)
|
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Unemployment
rate:
|
5.2%
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 49
5.1%
(2009 est.)
|
|
Population
below poverty line:
|
NA%
|
|
Household
income or
consumption by
percentage share:
|
lowest
10%: 4.8%
highest
10%: 21.7%
(1993)
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Distribution
of family income -
Gini index:
|
38.1
(2002)
country
comparison to the
world: 74
24.9
(1993)
|
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Investment
(gross fixed):
|
20.3%
of GDP (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 83 |
|
Budget:
|
revenues:
$1.839
trillion
expenditures:
$2.252
trillion (2009 est.)
|
|
Public
debt:
|
196.4%
of GDP (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 2
192.9%
of GDP (2009 est.)
|
|
Inflation
rate (consumer
prices):
|
-0.9%
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 7
-1.4%
(2009 est.)
|
|
Central
bank discount rate:
|
0.3%
(31 December 2009)
country
comparison to the
world: 139
0.3%
(31 December 2008)
|
|
Commercial
bank prime lending
rate:
|
1.72%
(31 December 2009
est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 156
1.91%
(31 December 2008
est.)
|
|
Stock
of narrow money:
|
$5.541
trillion (31
December 2010 est)
$5.162
trillion (31
December 2009 est)
|
|
Stock
of broad money:
|
$18.3
trillion (31
December 2009)
$14.56
trillion (31
December 2008)
|
|
Stock
of domestic credit:
|
$16.39
trillion (31
December 2008 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 3
$13.32
trillion (31
December 2007 est.)
|
|
Market
value of publicly
traded shares:
|
$3.378
trillion (31
December 2009)
country
comparison to the
world: 3
$3.22
trillion (31
December 2008)
$4.453
trillion (31
December 2007)
|
|
Agriculture
- products:
|
rice,
sugar beets,
vegetables, fruit;
pork, poultry, dairy
products, eggs; fish
|
|
Industries:
|
among
world's largest and
technologically
advanced producers
of motor vehicles,
electronic
equipment, machine
tools, steel and
nonferrous metals,
ships, chemicals,
textiles, processed
foods
|
|
Industrial
production growth
rate:
|
7.5%
(2009 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 33 |
|
Electricity
- production:
|
957.9
billion kWh (2008
est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 4 |
|
Electricity
- consumption:
|
925.5
billion kWh (2008
est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 4 |
|
Electricity
- exports:
|
0
kWh (2008 est.)
|
|
Electricity
- imports:
|
0
kWh (2008 est.)
|
|
Oil
- production:
|
132,700
bbl/day (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 49 |
|
Oil
- consumption:
|
4.363
million bbl/day
(2009 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 4 |
|
Oil
- exports:
|
380,900
bbl/day (2008 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 34 |
|
Oil
- imports:
|
5.033
million bbl/day
(2008 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 3 |
|
Oil
- proved reserves:
|
44.12
million bbl (1
January 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 79 |
|
Natural
gas - production:
|
3.539
billion cu m (2009
est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 50 |
|
Natural
gas - consumption:
|
94.67
billion cu m (2009
est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 6 |
|
Natural
gas - exports:
|
0
cu m (2008 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 84 |
|
Natural
gas - imports:
|
90.29
billion cu m (2009
est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 3 |
|
Natural
gas - proved
reserves:
|
20.9
billion cu m (1
January 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 76 |
|
Current
account balance:
|
$182.3
billion (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 2
$142.2
billion (2009 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
$735.8
billion (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 5
$545.3
billion (2009 est.)
|
|
Exports
- commodities:
|
transport
equipment, motor
vehicles,
semiconductors,
electrical
machinery, chemicals
|
|
Exports
- partners:
|
China
18.88%, US 16.42%,
South Korea 8.13%,
Taiwan 6.27%, Hong
Kong 5.49% (2009)
|
|
Imports:
|
$636.8
billion (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 5
$501.6
billion (2009 est.)
|
|
Imports
- commodities:
|
machinery
and equipment,
fuels, foodstuffs,
chemicals, textiles,
raw materials
|
|
Imports
- partners:
|
China
22.2%, US 10.96%,
Australia 6.29%,
Saudi Arabia 5.29%,
UAE 4.12%, South
Korea 3.98%,
Indonesia 3.95%
(2009)
|
|
Reserves
of foreign exchange
and gold:
|
$NA
(31 December 2010
est.)
$1.024
trillion (31
December 2009 est.)
|
|
Debt
- external:
|
$2.246
trillion (30 June
2010)
country
comparison to the
world: 6
$2.231
trillion (31
December 2008)
|
|
Stock
of direct foreign
investment - at home:
|
$161.4
billion (31 December
2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 24
$147.2
billion (31 December
2009 est.)
|
|
Stock
of direct foreign
investment - abroad:
|
$831.1
billion (31 December
2010 est.)
country
comparison to the
world: 7
$738.5
billion (31 December
2009 est.)
|
|
Exchange
rates:
|
yen
(JPY) per US dollar
- 88.67 (2010),
93.57 (2009), 103.58
(2008), 117.99
(2007), 116.18
(2006)
|
Communications
::Japan
Telephones
- main lines
in use:
|
44.364
million (2009)
country
comparison to
the world:
5 |
|
Telephones
- mobile
cellular:
|
114.917
million (2009)
country
comparison to
the world:
7 |
|
Telephone
system:
|
general
assessment: excellent
domestic and
international
service
domestic:
high
level of
modern
technology and
excellent
service of
every kind
international:
country
code - 81;
numerous
submarine
cables provide
links
throughout
Asia,
Australia, the
Middle East,
Europe, and
US; satellite
earth stations
- 7 Intelsat
(Pacific and
Indian
Oceans), 1
Intersputnik
(Indian Ocean
region), 3
Inmarsat
(Pacific and
Indian Ocean
regions), and
8 SkyPerfect
JSAT (2008)
|
|
Broadcast
media:
|
a
mixture of
public and
commercial
broadcast TV
and radio
stations; 5
national
terrestrial
television
networks
including 1
public
broadcaster;
the large
number of
radio and TV
stations
available
provide a wide
range of
choices;
satellite and
cable services
provide access
to
international
channels
(2008)
|
|
Internet
country code:
|
.jp
|
|
Internet
hosts:
|
54.846
million (2010)
country
comparison to
the world:
2 |
|
Internet
users:
|
99.182
million (2009)
country
comparison to
the world:
3
Transportation
::Japan
Airports:
|
176
(2010)
country
comparison
to the
world:
34 |
|
Airports
- with
paved
runways:
|
total:
144
over
3,047 m:
7
2,438
to 3,047
m: 44
1,524
to 2,437
m: 38
914
to 1,523
m: 28
under
914 m: 27
(2010)
|
|
Airports
- with
unpaved
runways:
|
total:
32
914
to 1,523
m: 4
under
914 m: 28
(2010)
|
|
Heliports:
|
15
(2010)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
gas
3,879
km; oil
167 km;
oil/gas/water
53 km
(2009)
|
|
Railways:
|
total:
26,435
km
country
comparison
to the
world:
11
standard
gauge: 3,978
km
1.435-m
gauge
(3,978
km
electrified)
narrow
gauge: 96
km
1.372-m
gauge
(96 km
electrified);
22,313
km
1.067-m
gauge
(15,235
km
electrified);
48 km
0.762-m
gauge
(48 km
electrified)
(2009)
|
|
Roadways:
|
total:
1,203,777
km
country
comparison
to the
world:
5
paved:
961,366
km
(includes
7,560 km
of
expressways)
unpaved:
242,411
km
(2008)
|
|
Waterways:
|
1,770
km
(seagoing
vessels
use
inland
seas)
(2010)
country
comparison
to the
world:
47 |
|
Merchant
marine:
|
total:
673
country
comparison
to the
world:
16
by
type: bulk
carrier
152,
cargo
31,
carrier
3,
chemical
tanker
28,
container
2,
liquefied
gas 63,
passenger
12,
passenger/cargo
120,
petroleum
tanker
152,
refrigerated
cargo 4,
roll
on/roll
off 52,
vehicle
carrier
54
foreign-owned:
1
(Norway
1)
registered
in other
countries:
3,064
(Bahamas
93,
Belize
1,
Bermuda
2, Burma
1,
Cambodia
2,
Cayman
Islands
19,
China 2,
Cyprus
19,
Honduras
4, Hong
Kong 84,
Indonesia
7, Isle
of Man
15,
Liberia
102,
Malaysia
4, Malta
5,
Marshall
Islands
41,
Netherlands
1,
Panama
2347,
Philippines
82,
Portugal
9, Saint
Kitts
and
Nevis 3,
Saint
Vincent
and the
Grenadines
3,
Sierra
Leone 3,
Singapore
146,
South
Korea
15,
Thailand
2, UK 4,
Vanuatu
44,
unknown
4)
(2010)
|
|
Ports
and
terminals:
|
Chiba,
Kawasaki,
Kobe,
Mizushima,
Moji,
Nagoya,
Osaka,
Tokyo,
Tomakomai,
Yokohama
|
|
Military
::Japan
Military
branches:
|
Japanese
Ministry
of
Defense
(MOD):
Ground
Self-Defense
Force
(Rikujou
Jietai,
GSDF),
Maritime
Self-Defense
Force
(Kaijou
Jietai,
MSDF),
Air
Self-Defense
Force
(Koku
Jieitai,
ASDF)
(2009)
|
|
Military
service
age
and
obligation:
|
18
years
of
age
for
voluntary
military
service
(2001)
|
|
Manpower
available
for
military
service:
|
males
age
16-49:
27,461,338
females
age
16-49:
26,478,466
(2010
est.)
|
|
Manpower
fit
for
military
service:
|
males
age
16-49:
22,564,075
females
age
16-49:
21,720,375
(2010
est.)
|
|
Manpower
reaching
militarily
significant
age
annually:
|
male:
626,115
female:
593,905
(2010
est.)
|
|
Military
expenditures:
|
0.8%
of
GDP
(2006)
country
comparison
to
the
world:
148
Transnational
Issues
::Japan
Disputes
-
international:
|
the
sovereignty
dispute
over
the
islands
of
Etorofu,
Kunashiri,
and
Shikotan,
and
the
Habomai
group,
known
in
Japan
as
the
"Northern
Territories"
and
in
Russia
as
the
"Southern
Kuril
Islands,"
occupied
by
the
Soviet
Union
in
1945,
now
administered
by
Russia
and
claimed
by
Japan,
remains
the
primary
sticking
point
to
signing
a
peace
treaty
formally
ending
World
War
II
hostilities;
Japan
and
South
Korea
claim
Liancourt
Rocks
(Take-shima/Tok-do)
occupied
by
South
Korea
since
1954;
China
and
Taiwan
dispute
both
Japan's
claims
to
the
uninhabited
islands
of
the
Senkaku-shoto
(Diaoyu
Tai)
and
Japan's
unilaterally
declared
exclusive
economic
zone
in
the
East
China
Sea,
the
site
of
intensive
hydrocarbon
prospecting
|
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