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Sri
Lanka Main Page
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Background:
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The first Sinhalese
arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th
century B.C. probably from northern
India. Buddhism was introduced in
about the mid-third century B.C., and
a great civilization developed at the
cities of Anuradhapura (kingdom from
circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and
Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200).
In the 14th century, a south Indian
dynasty established a Tamil kingdom in
northern Sri Lanka. The coastal areas
of the island were controlled by the
Portuguese in the 16th century and by
the Dutch in the 17th century. The
island was ceded to the British in
1796, became a crown colony in 1802,
and was united under British rule by
1815. As Ceylon, it became independent
in 1948; its name was changed to Sri
Lanka in 1972. Tensions between the
Sinhalese majority and Tamil
separatists erupted into war in 1983.
After two decades of fighting, the
government and Liberation Tigers of
Tamil Eelam (LTTE) formalized a
cease-fire in February 2002 with
Norway brokering peace negotiations.
Violence between the LTTE and
government forces intensified in 2006
and the government regained control of
the Eastern Province in 2007. In May
2009, the government announced that
its military had finally defeated the
remnants of the LTTE and that its
leader, Velupillai PRABHAKARAN, had
been killed.
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Location:
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Southern Asia,
island in the Indian Ocean, south of
India
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Geographic
coordinates:
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7 00 N, 81 00 E
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Area:
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total: 65,610
sq km
country
comparison to the world: 121
land: 64,630
sq km
water: 980
sq km
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Area -
comparative:
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slightly larger
than West Virginia
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Land boundaries:
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0 km
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Coastline:
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1,340 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12
nm
contiguous zone: 24
nm
exclusive economic
zone: 200
nm
continental shelf: 200
nm or to the edge of the continental
margin
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Climate:
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Current
Weather
tropical monsoon;
northeast monsoon (December to March);
southwest monsoon (June to October)
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Terrain:
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mostly low, flat to
rolling plain; mountains in
south-central interior
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Elevation
extremes:
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lowest point: Indian
Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pidurutalagala
2,524 m
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Natural
resources:
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limestone,
graphite, mineral sands, gems,
phosphates, clay, hydropower
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Land use:
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arable land: 13.96%
permanent crops: 15.24%
other: 70.8%
(2005)
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Irrigated land:
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7,430 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable
water resources:
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50 cu km (1999)
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Freshwater
withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 12.61
cu km/yr (2%/2%/95%)
per capita: 608
cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards:
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occasional cyclones
and tornadoes
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Environment -
current issues:
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deforestation; soil
erosion; wildlife populations
threatened by poaching and
urbanization; coastal degradation from
mining activities and increased
pollution; freshwater resources being
polluted by industrial wastes and
sewage runoff; waste disposal; air
pollution in Colombo
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Environment -
international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not
ratified: Marine
Life Conservation
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Geography - note:
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strategic location
near major Indian Ocean sea lanes
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Population:
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21,513,990
country
comparison to the world: 55
note: since
the outbreak of hostilities between
the government and armed Tamil
separatists in the mid-1980s, several
hundred thousand Tamil civilians have
fled the island and more than 200,000
Tamils have sought refuge in the West
(July 2010 est.)
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 23.9%
(male 2,594,815/female 2,493,002)
15-64 years: 68%
(male 7,089,307/female 7,418,123)
65 years and over: 8.1%
(male 803,172/female 926,372) (2010
est.)
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Median age:
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total: 31.3
years
male: 30.3
years
female: 32.2
years (2010 est.)
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Population
growth rate:
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0.863% (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 132 |
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Birth rate:
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15.88 births/1,000
population (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 130 |
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Death rate:
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6.2 deaths/1,000
population (July 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 159 |
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Net migration
rate:
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-1.05 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 157 |
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 15%
of total population (2008)
rate of
urbanization: 0.5%
annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.044
male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04
male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96
male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86
male(s)/female
total population: 0.97
male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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Infant mortality
rate:
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total: 18.14
deaths/1,000 live births
country
comparison to the world: 105
male: 19.9
deaths/1,000 live births
female: 16.3
deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
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Life expectancy
at birth:
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total population: 75.3
years
country
comparison to the world: 85
male: 73.22
years
female: 77.47
years (2010 est.)
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Total fertility
rate:
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1.96 children
born/woman (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 135 |
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HIV/AIDS - adult
prevalence rate:
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less than 0.1%
(2001 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 157 |
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HIV/AIDS -
people living with HIV/AIDS:
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3,800 (2007 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 127 |
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HIV/AIDS -
deaths:
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fewer than 200
(2003 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 117 |
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Major infectious
diseases:
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degree of risk: high
food or waterborne
diseases: bacterial
diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne
disease: dengue
fever and chikungunya
water contact
disease: leptospirosis
animal contact
disease: rabies
(2009)
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Nationality:
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noun: Sri
Lankan(s)
adjective: Sri
Lankan
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Ethnic groups:
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Sinhalese 73.8%,
Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil
4.6%, Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other
0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 census
provisional data)
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Religions:
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Buddhist 69.1%,
Muslim 7.6%, Hindu 7.1%, Christian
6.2%, unspecified 10% (2001 census
provisional data)
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Languages:
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Sinhala (official
and national language) 74%, Tamil
(national language) 18%, other 8%
note: English
is commonly used in government and is
spoken competently by about 10% of the
population
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Literacy:
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definition: age
15 and over can read and write
total population: 90.7%
male: 92.3%
female: 89.1%
(2001 census)
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Education
expenditures:
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NA
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Country name:
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conventional long
form: Democratic
Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
conventional short
form: Sri
Lanka
local long form: Shri
Lamka Prajatantrika Samajaya di
Janarajaya/Ilankai Jananayaka
Choshalichak Kutiyarachu
local short form: Shri
Lamka/Ilankai
former: Serendib,
Ceylon
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Government type:
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republic
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Capital:
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name: Colombo
geographic
coordinates: 6
56 N, 79 51 E
time difference: UTC+5.5
(10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC
during Standard Time)
note: Sri
Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative
capital)
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Administrative
divisions:
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9 provinces;
Central, Eastern, North Central,
Northern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa,
Southern, Uva, Western
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Independence:
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4 February 1948
(from the UK)
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 4
February (1948)
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Constitution:
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adopted 16 August
1978, certified 31 August 1978;
amended 20 December 2001
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Legal system:
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a highly complex
mixture of English common law,
Roman-Dutch, Kandyan, and Jaffna Tamil
law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age;
universal
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President
Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA (since 19
November 2005); note - the president
is both the chief of state and head of
government; Dissanayake Mudiyanselage
JAYARATNE holds the largely ceremonial
title of prime minister (since 21
April 2010)
head of government:
President
Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA (since 19
November 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet
appointed by the president in
consultation with the prime minister
(For
more information visit the World Leaders
website )
elections: president
elected by popular vote for a six-year
term (two-term limit); election last
held on 26 January 2010 (next to be
held in 2016)
election results: Mahinda
RAJAPAKSA reelected president for
second term; percent of vote - Mahinda
RAJAPAKSA 57.88%, Sarath FONSEKA
40.15%, other 1.97%
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Legislative
branch:
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unicameral
Parliament (225 seats; members elected
by popular vote on the basis of an
open-list, proportional representation
system by electoral district to serve
six-year terms)
elections: last
held on 8 April 2010 with a repoll in
two electorates held on 20 April 2010
(next to be held by April 2016)
election results: percent
of vote by alliance or party - United
People's Freedom Alliance 60.93%,
United National Party 29.34%,
Democratic National Alliance 5.49%,
Tamil National Alliance 2.9%, other
1.94%; seats by alliance or party -
United People's Freedom Alliance 144,
United National Party 60, Tamil
National Alliance 14, Democratic
National Alliance 7
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court;
Court of Appeals; judges for both
courts are appointed by the president
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Political
parties and leaders:
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Coalitions and
leaders: Democratic National Alliance
led by Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or
JVP [Somawansa AMARASINGHE]; Tamil
National Alliance led by Illandai
Tamil Arasu Kachchi [R. SAMPANTHAN];
United National Front led by United
National Party [Ranil WICKREMESINGHE];
United People's Freedom Alliance led
by Sri Lanka Freedom Party [Mahinda
RAJAPAKSA]
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Political
pressure groups and leaders:
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Liberation Tigers
of Tamil Eelam or LTTE [P. SIVAPARAN,
Chief of International Secretariat; V.
RUDRAKUMARAN, legal advisor]; note -
this insurgent group suffered military
defeat in May 2009; some cadres remain
scattered throughout country;
other: Buddhist
clergy; labor unions; radical
chauvinist Sinhalese groups such as
the National Movement Against
Terrorism; Sinhalese Buddhist lay
groups
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International
organization participation:
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ADB, ARF, BIMSTEC,
C, CP, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-24, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO,
ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH,
MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW,
PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (dialogue
member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
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Diplomatic
representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Jaliya Chitran WICKRAMASURIYA
chancery: 2148
Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC
20008
telephone: [1]
(202) 483-4025 through 4028
FAX: [1]
(202) 232-7181
consulate(s)
general: Los
Angeles
consulate(s): New
York
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Diplomatic
representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Patricia A. BUTENIS
embassy: 210
Galle Road, Colombo 3
mailing address: P.
O. Box 106, Colombo
telephone: [94]
(11) 249-8500
FAX: [94]
(11) 243-7345
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Flag description:
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yellow with two
panels; the smaller hoist-side panel
has two equal vertical bands of green
(hoist side) and orange; the other
larger panel depicts a yellow lion
holding a sword on a dark red
rectangular field that also displays a
yellow bo leaf in each corner; the
yellow field appears as a border
around the entire flag and extends
between the two panels; the lion
represents Sinhalese ethnicity, the
strength of the nation, and bravery;
the sword demonstrates the sovereignty
of the nation; the four bo leaves -
symbolizing Buddhism and its influence
on the country - stand for the four
virtues of kindness, friendliness,
happiness, and equanimity; orange
signifies Sri Lankan Tamils, green the
Sri Lankan Moors; dark red represents
the European Burghers, but also refers
to the rich colonial background of the
country; yellow denotes other ethnic
groups; also referred to as the Lion
Flag
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National anthem:
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name: "Sri
Lanka Matha" (Mother Sri Lanka)
lyrics/music: Ananda
SAMARKONE
note: adopted
1951
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Economy -
overview:
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Sri Lanka is
engaging in large-scale reconstruction
and development projects following the
end of the 26-year conflict with the
LTTE, including increasing electricity
access and rebuilding its road and
rail network. Additionally, Sri Lanka
seeks to reduce poverty by using a
combination of state directed policies
and private investment promotion to
spur growth in disadvantaged areas,
develop small and medium enterprises,
and promote increased agriculture,
High levels of government funding may
be difficult, as the government
already is faced with high debt
interest payments, a bloated civil
service, and historically high budget
deficits. The 2008-09 global financial
crisis and recession exposed Sri
Lanka's economic vulnerabilities and
nearly caused a balance of payments
crisis, which was alleviated by a $2.6
billion IMF standby agreement in July
2009. The end of the civil war and the
IMF loan, however, have largely
restored investors' confidence,
reflected in part by the Sri Lankan
stock market's recognition as one of
the best performing markets in the
world. Sri Lankan growth rates
averaged nearly 5% in during the war,
but increased government spending on
development and fighting the LTTE in
the final years spurred GDP growth to
around 6-7% per year in 2006-08. After
experiencing 3.5% growth in 2009, Sri
Lanka's economy is poised to achieve
high growth rates in the postwar
period.
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GDP (purchasing
power parity):
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$104.7 billion
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 69
$97.91 billion
(2009 est.)
$94.6 billion (2008
est.)
note: data
are in 2010 US dollars
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GDP (official
exchange rate):
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$48.24 billion
(2010 est.)
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GDP - real
growth rate:
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6.9% (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 25
3.5% (2009 est.)
6% (2008 est.)
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GDP - per capita
(PPP):
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$4,900 (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 148
$4,600 (2009 est.)
$4,500 (2008 est.)
note: data
are in 2010 US dollars
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GDP -
composition by sector:
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agriculture: 12.6%
industry: 29.8%
services: 57.6%
(2010 est.)
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Labor force:
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8.1 million (2010
est.)
country
comparison to the world: 55 |
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Labor force - by
occupation:
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agriculture: 32.7%
industry: 26.3%
services: 41%
(December 2008 est.)
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Unemployment
rate:
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5.4% (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 51
5.9% (2009 est.)
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Population below
poverty line:
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23% (2008 est.)
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Household income
or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 1.1%
highest 10%: 39.7%
(2004)
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Distribution of
family income - Gini index:
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49 (2007)
country
comparison to the world: 27
46 (1995)
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Investment
(gross fixed):
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23.6% of GDP (2010
est.)
country
comparison to the world: 51 |
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Public debt:
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86.7% of GDP (2010
est.)
country
comparison to the world: 13
85.8% of GDP (2009
est.)
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Inflation rate
(consumer prices):
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5.6% (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 154
3% (2009 est.)
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Central bank
discount rate:
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7.25% (December
2010)
country
comparison to the world: 55
7.5% (31 December
2009)
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Commercial bank
prime lending rate:
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10.37% (December
2010)
country
comparison to the world: 41
15.89% (31 December
2008)
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Stock of narrow
money:
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$4.4 billion (31
December 2010 est)
country
comparison to the world: 96
$3.628 billion (31
December 2009 est)
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Stock of broad
money:
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$19.72 billion (31
December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 83
$16.41 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
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Stock of
domestic credit:
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$18.34 billion (31
December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 82
$16.64 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
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Market value of
publicly traded shares:
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$11.5 billion
(December 2010)
country
comparison to the world: 70
$8.133 billion (31
December 2009)
$4.326 billion (31
December 2008)
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Agriculture -
products:
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rice, sugarcane,
grains, pulses, oilseed, spices,
vegetables, fruit, tea, rubber,
coconuts; milk, eggs, hides, beef;
fish
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Industries:
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processing of
rubber, tea, coconuts, tobacco and
other agricultural commodities;
telecommunications, insurance,
banking; tourism, shipping; clothing,
textiles; cement, petroleum refining,
information technology services,
construction
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Industrial
production growth rate:
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6.9% (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 44 |
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Electricity -
production:
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9.882 billion kWh
(2008 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 92 |
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Electricity -
consumption:
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8.417 billion kWh
(2008 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 93 |
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Electricity -
exports:
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0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Electricity -
imports:
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0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Oil - production:
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0 bbl/day (2008
est.)
country
comparison to the world: 129 |
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Oil -
consumption:
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90,000 bbl/day
(2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 80 |
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Oil - exports:
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0 bbl/day (2007
est.)
country
comparison to the world: 172 |
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Oil - imports:
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90,000 bbl/day
(2007 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 66 |
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Oil - proved
reserves:
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0 bbl (1 January
2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 118 |
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Natural gas -
production:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 126 |
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Natural gas -
consumption:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 175 |
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Natural gas -
exports:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 120 |
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Natural gas -
proved reserves:
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0 cu m (1 January
2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 131 |
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Current account
balance:
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-$1.784 billion
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 154
-$291 million (2009
est.)
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Exports:
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$7.908 billion
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 92
$7.085 billion
(2009 est.)
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Exports -
commodities:
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textiles and
apparel, tea and spices; rubber
manufactures; precious stones; coconut
products, fish
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Exports -
partners:
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US 20.59%, UK
12.87%, Italy 5.51%, Germany 5.29%,
India 4.54%, Belgium 4.43% (2009)
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Imports:
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$11.6 billion (2010
est.)
country
comparison to the world: 85
$9.186 billion
(2009 est.)
|
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Imports -
commodities:
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petroleum,
textiles, machinery and transportation
equipment, building materials, mineral
products, foodstuffs
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Imports -
partners:
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India 20.73%, China
13.45%, Singapore 7.26%, Iran 6.7%,
South Korea 5.23% (2009)
|
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Reserves of
foreign exchange and gold:
|
$5.63 billion (31
December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 66
$5.358 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
|
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Debt - external:
|
$17.97 billion (31
December 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 76
$17.44 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
|
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Stock of direct
foreign investment - at home:
|
$NA
|
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Stock of direct
foreign investment - abroad:
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$NA
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Exchange rates:
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Sri Lankan rupees (LKR)
per US dollar - 113.36 (2010), 114.95
(2009), 108.33 (2008), 110.78 (2007),
103.99 (2006)
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Communications
::Sri
Lanka |
Telephones -
main lines in use:
|
3.523 million
(2010)
country
comparison to the world: 44 |
|
Telephones -
mobile cellular:
|
15.868 million
(2010)
country
comparison to the world: 46 |
|
Telephone system:
|
general assessment:
telephone
services have improved significantly
and are available in most parts of the
country
domestic: national
trunk network consists mostly of
digital microwave radio relay;
fiber-optic links now in use in
Colombo area and fixed wireless local
loops have been installed; competition
is strong in mobile cellular systems
and mobile cellular subscribership is
increasing
international: country
code - 94; the SEA-ME-WE-3 and
SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cables provide
connectivity to Asia, Australia,
Middle East, Europe, US; satellite
earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian
Ocean)
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Broadcast media:
|
government operates
2 television channels and a radio
network; multi-channel satellite and
cable TV subscription services are
obtainable; 8 private TV stations and
about a dozen private radio stations
in operation (2008)
|
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Internet country
code:
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.lk
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Internet hosts:
|
8,865 (2010)
country
comparison to the world: 131 |
|
Internet users:
|
1.777 million
(2009)
country
comparison to the world: 77
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Transportation
::Sri
Lanka |
Airports:
|
18 (2010)
country
comparison to the world: 139 |
|
Airports - with
paved runways:
|
total: 14
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 7
(2010)
|
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Airports - with
unpaved runways:
|
total: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 3
(2010)
|
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Railways:
|
total: 1,449
km
country
comparison to the world: 82
broad gauge: 1,449
km 1.676-m gauge (2007)
|
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Roadways:
|
total: 91,907
km (2008)
country
comparison to the world: 54 |
|
Waterways:
|
160 km (primarily
on rivers in southwest) (2008)
country
comparison to the world: 101 |
|
Merchant marine:
|
total: 22
country
comparison to the world: 99
by type: bulk
carrier 4, cargo 14, chemical tanker
1, petroleum tanker 3
foreign-owned: 5
(Germany 5) (2010)
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Ports and
terminals:
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Colombo
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Military
branches:
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Sri Lanka Army, Sri
Lanka Navy, Sri Lanka Air Force (2010)
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Military service
age and obligation:
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18 years of age for
voluntary military service; 5-year
service obligation (2010)
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Manpower
available for military service:
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males age 16-49: 5,493,050
females age 16-49: 5,622,632
(2010 est.)
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Manpower fit for
military service:
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males age 16-49: 4,518,582
females age 16-49: 4,701,942
(2010 est.)
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Manpower
reaching militarily significant age
annually:
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male: 172,081
female: 166,358
(2010 est.)
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Military
expenditures:
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2.6% of GDP (2006)
country
comparison to the world: 55
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Transnational
Issues ::Sri
Lanka |
Disputes -
international:
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none
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Refugees and
internally displaced persons:
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IDPs: 460,000
(both Tamils and non-Tamils displaced
due to long-term civil war between the
government and the separatist
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE))
(2007)
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Trafficking in
persons:
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current situation: Sri
Lanka is a source and destination
country for men and women trafficked
for the purposes of involuntary
servitude and commercial sexual
exploitation; Sri Lankan men and women
migrate willingly to the Persian Gulf,
Middle East, and East Asia to work as
construction workers, domestic
servants, or garment factory workers,
where some find themselves in
situations of involuntary servitude
when faced with restrictions on
movement, withholding of passports,
threats, physical or sexual abuse, and
debt bondage; children are trafficked
internally for commercial sexual
exploitation and, less frequently, for
forced labor
tier rating: Tier
2 Watch List - for a fourth
consecutive year, Sri Lanka is on the
Tier 2 Watch List for failing to
provide evidence of increasing efforts
to combat severe forms of human
trafficking, particularly in the area
of law enforcement; the government
failed to arrest, prosecute, or
convict any person for trafficking
offenses and continued to punish some
victims of trafficking for crimes
committed as a result of being
trafficked; Sri Lanka has not ratified
the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)
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