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Back
to Mongolia
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The
Mongols gained fame in the 13th
century when under Chinggis KHAAN they
established a huge Eurasian empire
through conquest. After his death the
empire was divided into several
powerful Mongol states, but these
broke apart in the 14th century. The
Mongols eventually retired to their
original steppe homelands and in the
late 17th century came under Chinese
rule. Mongolia won its independence in
1921 with Soviet backing and a
Communist regime was installed in
1924. The modern country of Mongolia,
however, represents only part of the
Mongols' historical homeland; more
ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner
Mongolia Autonomous Region in the
People's Republic of China than in
Mongolia. Following a peaceful
democratic revolution, the
ex-Communist Mongolian People's
Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won
elections in 1990 and 1992, but was
defeated by the Democratic Union
Coalition (DUC) in the 1996
parliamentary election. The MPRP won
an overwhelming majority in the 2000
parliamentary election, but the party
lost seats in the 2004 election and
shared power with democratic coalition
parties from 2004-08. The MPRP
regained a solid majority in the 2008
parliamentary elections but
nevertheless formed a coalition
government with the Democratic Party.
In 2010 the MPRP voted to retake the
name of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP),
a name it used in the early 1920s. The
prime minister and most cabinet
members are MPP members.
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Location:
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Northern
Asia, between China and Russia
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Geographic
coordinates:
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46
00 N, 105 00 E
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Map
references:
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Asia
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Area:
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total:
1,564,116
sq km
country
comparison to the world: 19
land:
1,553,556
sq km
water:
10,560
sq km
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Area
- comparative:
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slightly
smaller than Alaska
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Land
boundaries:
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total:
8,220
km
border
countries: China
4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km
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Coastline:
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0
km (landlocked)
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Maritime
claims:
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none
(landlocked)
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Climate:
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Current
Weather
desert;
continental (large daily and seasonal
temperature ranges)
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Terrain:
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vast
semidesert and desert plains, grassy
steppe, mountains in west and
southwest; Gobi Desert in
south-central
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Elevation
extremes:
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lowest
point: Hoh
Nuur 560 m
highest
point: Nayramadlin
Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m
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Natural
resources:
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oil,
coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten,
phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc,
fluorspar, gold, silver, iron
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Land
use:
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arable
land: 0.76%
permanent
crops: 0%
other:
99.24%
(2005)
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Irrigated
land:
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840
sq km (2003)
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Total
renewable water resources:
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34.8
cu km (1999)
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Freshwater
withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total:
0.44
cu km/yr (20%/27%/52%)
per
capita: 166
cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural
hazards:
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dust
storms; grassland and forest fires;
drought; "zud," which is
harsh winter conditions
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Environment
- current issues:
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limited
natural fresh water resources in some
areas; the policies of former
Communist regimes promoted rapid
urbanization and industrial growth
that had negative effects on the
environment; the burning of soft coal
in power plants and the lack of
enforcement of environmental laws
severely polluted the air in
Ulaanbaatar; deforestation,
overgrazing, and the converting of
virgin land to agricultural production
increased soil erosion from wind and
rain; desertification and mining
activities had a deleterious effect on
the environment
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Environment
- international agreements:
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party
to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed,
but not ratified: none
of the selected agreements
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Geography
- note:
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landlocked;
strategic location between China and
Russia
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Population:
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3,086,918
(July 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 134 |
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Age
structure:
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0-14
years: 28.1%
(male 436,391/female 418,923)
15-64
years: 67.9%
(male 1,031,819/female 1,033,806)
65
years and over: 4%
(male 52,430/female 67,773) (2010
est.)
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Median
age:
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total:
25.8
years
male:
25.3
years
female:
26.2
years (2010 est.)
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Population
growth rate:
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1.495%
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 82 |
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Birth
rate:
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21.03
births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 88 |
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Death
rate:
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6.08
deaths/1,000 population (July 2010
est.)
country
comparison to the world: 164 |
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Net
migration rate:
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0
migrant(s)/1,000 population
country
comparison to the world: 116 |
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Urbanization:
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urban
population: 57%
of total population (2008)
rate
of urbanization: 1.2%
annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex
ratio:
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at
birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under
15 years: 1.04
male(s)/female
15-64
years: 1
male(s)/female
65
years and over: 0.77
male(s)/female
total
population: 1
male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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Infant
mortality rate:
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total:
38.56
deaths/1,000 live births
country
comparison to the world: 69
male:
41.63
deaths/1,000 live births
female:
35.35
deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
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Life
expectancy at birth:
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total
population: 67.98
years
country
comparison to the world: 153
male:
65.54
years
female:
70.54
years (2010 est.)
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Total
fertility rate:
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2.22
children born/woman (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 109 |
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HIV/AIDS
- adult prevalence rate:
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less
than 0.1% (2007 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 133 |
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HIV/AIDS
- people living with HIV/AIDS:
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fewer
than 500 (2007 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 152 |
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HIV/AIDS
- deaths:
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fewer
than 200 (2003 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 107 |
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Nationality:
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noun:
Mongolian(s)
adjective:
Mongolian
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Ethnic
groups:
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Mongol
(mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly
Kazakh) 5%, other (including Chinese
and Russian) 0.1% (2000)
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Religions:
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Buddhist
Lamaist 50%, Shamanist and Christian
6%, Muslim 4%, none 40% (2004)
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Languages:
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Khalkha
Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)
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Literacy:
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definition:
age
15 and over can read and write
total
population: 97.8%
male:
98%
female:
97.5%
(2000 census)
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School
life expectancy (primary to tertiary
education):
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total:
14
years
male:
13
years
female:
14
years (2008)
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Education
expenditures:
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5.1%
of GDP (2007)
country
comparison to the world: 65
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Country
name:
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conventional
long form: none
conventional
short form: Mongolia
local
long form: none
local
short form: Mongol
Uls
former:
Outer
Mongolia
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Government
type:
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parliamentary
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Capital:
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name:
Ulaanbaatar
geographic
coordinates: 47
55 N, 106 55 E
time
difference: UTC+8
(13 hours ahead of Washington, DC
during Standard Time)
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Administrative
divisions:
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21
provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag)
and 1 municipality* (singular - hot);
Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy,
Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi,
Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan),
Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd,
Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay,
Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*,
Uvs
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Independence:
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11
July 1921 (from China)
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National
holiday:
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Independence
Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)
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Constitution:
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13
January 1992
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Legal
system:
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blend
of Soviet and German systems that
employ "continental" or
"civil" code; case-precedent
may be used to inform judges, but all
decisions must refer to the law as
written; constitution ambiguous on
judicial review of legislative acts;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
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Suffrage:
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18
years of age; universal
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Executive
branch:
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chief
of state: President
Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (since 18 June 2009)
head
of government: Prime
Minister Sukhbaatar BATBOLD (since 29
October 2009); First Deputy Prime
Minister (Norov ALTANKHUYAG (since 20
September 2008); Deputy Prime Minister
Miegombyn ENKHBOLD (since 6 December
2007)
cabinet:
Cabinet
nominated by the prime minister in
consultation with the president and
confirmed by the State Great Hural
(parliament)
(For
more information visit the World Leaders
website )
elections:
presidential
candidates nominated by political
parties represented in State Great
Hural and elected by popular vote for
a four-year term (eligible for a
second term); election last held on 24
May 2009 (next to be held in May
2013); following legislative
elections, leader of majority party or
majority coalition usually elected
prime minister by State Great Hural
election
results: in
elections in May 2009, Tsakhia
ELBEGDORJ elected president; percent
of vote - Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ 51.2%,
Nambar ENKHBAYAR 47.4%, others 1.3%
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Legislative
branch:
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unicameral
State Great Hural 76 seats; members
elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms
elections:
last
held on 29 June 2008 (next to be held
in June 2012)
election
results: percent
of vote by party - NA; seats by party
- MPP 46, DP 27, others 3
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Judicial
branch:
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Supreme
Court (serves as appeals court for
people's and provincial courts but
rarely overturns verdicts of lower
courts; judges are nominated by the
General Council of Courts and approved
by the president)
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Political
parties and leaders:
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Democratic
Party or DP [Norov ALTANHUYAG];
Mongolian People's Party or MPP [Sukhbaatar
BATBOLD]
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Political
pressure groups and leaders:
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other:
human
rights groups; women's groups
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International
organization participation:
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ADB,
ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO,
ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO,
NAM, OPCW, OSCE (partner), SCO
(observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic
representation in the US:
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chief
of mission: Ambassador
Khasbazar BEKHBAT
chancery:
2833
M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone:
[1]
(202) 333-7117
FAX:
[1]
(202) 298-9227
consulate(s)
general: New
York
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Diplomatic
representation from the US:
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chief
of mission: Ambassador
Jonathan ADDLETON
embassy:
Big
Ring Road, 11th Micro Region,
Ulaanbaatar, 14171 Mongolia
mailing
address: PSC
461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O.
Box 1021, Ulaanbaatar-13
telephone:
[976]
(11) 329-095
FAX:
[976]
(11) 320-776
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Flag
description:
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three
equal, vertical bands of red (hoist
side), blue, and red; centered on the
hoist-side red band in yellow is the
national emblem ("soyombo" -
a columnar arrangement of abstract and
geometric representation for fire,
sun, moon, earth, water, and the
yin-yang symbol); blue represents the
sky, red symbolizes progress and
prosperity
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National
anthem:
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name:
"Mongol
ulsyn toriin duulal" (National
Anthem of Mongolia)
lyrics/music:
Tsendiin
DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and
Luvsanjamts MURJORJ
note:
music
adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; the
anthem's lyrics have been altered on
numerous occasions
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Economy
- overview:
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Economic
activity in Mongolia has traditionally
been based on herding and agriculture
- Mongolia's extensive mineral
deposits, however, have attracted
foreign investors. The country holds
copper, gold, coal, molybdenum,
fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten
deposits, which account for a large
part of foreign direct investment and
government revenues. Soviet
assistance, at its height one-third of
GDP, disappeared almost overnight in
1990 and 1991 at the time of the
dismantlement of the USSR. The
following decade saw Mongolia endure
both deep recession, because of
political inaction and natural
disasters, as well as economic growth,
because of reform-embracing,
free-market economics and extensive
privatization of the formerly
state-run economy. Severe winters and
summer droughts in 2000-02 resulted in
massive livestock die-off and zero or
negative GDP growth. This was
compounded by falling prices for
Mongolia's primary sector exports and
widespread opposition to
privatization. Growth averaged nearly
9% per year in 2004-08 largely because
of high copper prices and new gold
production. In 2008 Mongolia
experienced a soaring inflation rate
with year-to-year inflation reaching
nearly 30% - the highest inflation
rate in over a decade. By late 2008,
as the country began to feel the
effects of the global financial
crisis, falling commodity prices
helped lower inflation, but also
reduced government revenues and forced
cuts in spending. In early 2009, the
International Monetary Fund reached a
$236 million Stand-by Arrangement with
Mongolia, and the country has started
to move out of the crisis. Although
the banking sector remains unstable,
the government is now enforcing
stricter supervision regulations. In
October 2009, the government passed
long-awaited legislation on an
investment agreement to develop
Mongolia's Oyu Tolgoi mine, considered
to be one of the world's largest
untapped copper deposits. The economy
grew an estimated 7% in 2010, largely
on the strength of exports to nearby
countries, and international reserves
reached $1.6 billion in September, an
all time high for Mongolia. Mongolia's
economy continues to be heavily
influenced by its neighbors. Mongolia
purchases 95% of its petroleum
products and a substantial amount of
electric power from Russia, leaving it
vulnerable to price increases. Trade
with China represents more than half
of Mongolia's total external trade -
China receives about two-thirds of
Mongolia's exports. Remittances from
Mongolians working abroad are sizable,
but have fallen due to the economic
crisis; money laundering is a growing
concern. Mongolia joined the World
Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks
to expand its participation in
regional economic and trade regimes.
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GDP
(purchasing power parity):
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$10.16
billion (2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 150
$9.5
billion (2009 est.)
$9.654
billion (2008 est.)
note:
data
are in 2010 US dollars
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GDP
(official exchange rate):
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$5.807
billion (2010 est.)
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GDP
- real growth rate:
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7%
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 23
-1.6%
(2009 est.)
8.9%
(2008 est.)
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GDP
- per capita (PPP):
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$3,300
(2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 165
$3,100
(2009 est.)
$3,200
(2008 est.)
note:
data
are in 2010 US dollars
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GDP
- composition by sector:
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agriculture:
21.2%
industry:
29.5%
services:
49.3%
(2009 est.)
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Labor
force:
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1.068
million (2008)
country
comparison to the world: 141 |
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Labor
force - by occupation:
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agriculture:
34%
industry:
5%
services:
61%
(2008)
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Unemployment
rate:
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2.8%
(2008)
country
comparison to the world: 22
3%
(2007)
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Population
below poverty line:
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36.1%
(2004)
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Household
income or consumption by percentage
share:
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lowest
10%: 2.9%
highest
10%: 24.9%
(2005)
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Distribution
of family income - Gini index:
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32.8
(2002)
country
comparison to the world: 97
44
(1998)
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Inflation
rate (consumer prices):
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4.2%
(2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 125
28%
(2008 est.)
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Central
bank discount rate:
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10.82%
(31 December 2009)
country
comparison to the world: 22
14.78%
(31 December 2008)
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Commercial
bank prime lending rate:
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21.67%
(31 December 2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 16
20.58%
(31 December 2008 est.)
|
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Stock
of narrow money:
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$451.4
million (31 December 2009)
country
comparison to the world: 160
$510.7
million (31 December 2008)
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Stock
of broad money:
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$1.996
billion (31 December 2009)
country
comparison to the world: 143
$1.791
billion (31 December 2008)
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Stock
of domestic credit:
|
$1.664
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 131
$1.183
billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Market
value of publicly traded shares:
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$430.2
million (31 December 2009)
country
comparison to the world: 105
$407
million (31 December 2008)
$612.2
million (31 December 2007)
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Agriculture
- products:
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wheat,
barley, vegetables, forage crops;
sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses
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Industries:
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construction
and construction materials; mining
(coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar,
tin, tungsten, and gold); oil; food
and beverages; processing of animal
products, cashmere and natural fiber
manufacturing
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Industrial
production growth rate:
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3%
(2006 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 110 |
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Electricity
- production:
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4.03
billion kWh (2009)
country
comparison to the world: 117 |
|
Electricity
- consumption:
|
3.439
billion kWh (2009)
country
comparison to the world: 120 |
|
Electricity
- exports:
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21.2
million kWh (2009)
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Electricity
- imports:
|
186.1
million kWh (2009)
|
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Oil
- production:
|
5,100
bbl/day (2009)
country
comparison to the world: 93 |
|
Oil
- consumption:
|
16,000
bbl/day (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 134 |
|
Oil
- exports:
|
5,300
bbl/day (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 103 |
|
Oil
- imports:
|
0
bbl/day (2009)
country
comparison to the world: 205 |
|
Oil
- proved reserves:
|
NA
bbl (1 January 2010 est.)
|
|
Natural
gas - production:
|
0
cu m (2008 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 144 |
|
Natural
gas - consumption:
|
0
cu m (2008 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 135 |
|
Natural
gas - exports:
|
0
cu m (2008 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 93 |
|
Natural
gas - imports:
|
0
cu m (2008 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 153 |
|
Natural
gas - proved reserves:
|
0
cu m (1 January 2010 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 144 |
|
Current
account balance:
|
-$228.7
million (2009 est.)
country
comparison to the world: 93
-$710
million (2008 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
$1.902
billion (2009)
country
comparison to the world: 132
$2.539
billion (2008)
|
|
Exports
- commodities:
|
copper,
apparel, livestock, animal products,
cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar,
other nonferrous metals, coal
|
|
Exports
- partners:
|
China
78.52%, Canada 9.46%, Russia 3.02%
(2009)
|
|
Imports:
|
$2.131
billion (2009)
country
comparison to the world: 150
$3.224
billion (2008)
|
|
Imports
- commodities:
|
machinery
and equipment, fuel, cars, food
products, industrial consumer goods,
chemicals, building materials, sugar,
tea
|
|
Imports
- partners:
|
China
35.99%, Russia 31.56%, South Korea
7.08%, Japan 4.8% (2009)
|
|
Debt
- external:
|
$1.86
billion (2009)
country
comparison to the world: 141
$1.6
billion (2008)
|
|
Stock
of direct foreign investment - at home:
|
$NA
|
|
Stock
of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|
$NA
|
|
Exchange
rates:
|
togrog/tugriks
(MNT) per US dollar - 1,442.8 (2009),
1,267.51 (2008), 1,170 (2007), 1,165
(2006)
|
|
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Communications
::Mongolia |
Telephones
- main lines in use:
|
188,900
(2009)
country
comparison to the world: 125 |
|
Telephones
- mobile cellular:
|
2.249
million (2009)
country
comparison to the world: 127 |
|
Telephone
system:
|
general
assessment: network
is improving with international direct
dialing available in many areas; a
fiber-optic network has been installed
that is improving broadband and
communication services between major
urban centers with multiple companies
providing inter-city fiber-optic cable
services
domestic:
very
low fixed-line teledensity; there are
multiple mobile- cellular providers
and subscribership is increasing
rapidly;
international:
country
code - 976; satellite earth stations -
7
|
|
Broadcast
media:
|
following
a law passed in 2005, Mongolia's
state-run radio and TV provider
converted to a public service
provider; also available are private
radio and TV broadcasters, as well as
multi-channel satellite and cable TV
providers; more than 100 radio
stations, including some 20 via
repeaters for the public broadcaster;
transmissions of multiple
international broadcasters are
available (2008)
|
|
Internet
country code:
|
.mn
|
|
Internet
hosts:
|
7,942
(2010)
country
comparison to the world: 134 |
|
Internet
users:
|
330,000
(2008)
country
comparison to the world: 125
|
|
|
|
Transportation
::Mongolia |
Airports:
|
46
(2010)
country
comparison to the world: 94 |
|
Airports
- with paved runways:
|
total:
14
over
3,047 m: 1
2,438
to 3,047 m: 10
1,524
to 2,437 m: 3
(2010)
|
|
Airports
- with unpaved runways:
|
total:
32
over
3,047 m: 1
2,438
to 3,047 m: 4
1,524
to 2,437 m: 25
914
to 1,523 m: 1
under
914 m: 1
(2010)
|
|
Heliports:
|
1
(2010)
|
|
Railways:
|
total:
1,810
km
country
comparison to the world: 76
broad
gauge: 1,810
km 1.520-m gauge (2008)
|
|
Roadways:
|
total:
49,250
km
country
comparison to the world: 82
paved:
2,824
km
unpaved:
46,426
km (includes 1,994 km with gravel
surface and 1,874 km with improved
surface) (2009)
|
|
Waterways:
|
580
km
country
comparison to the world: 82
note:
only
waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol
(135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and
Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but
carry little traffic; lakes and rivers
freeze in winter, are open from May to
September (2010)
|
|
Merchant
marine:
|
total:
58
country
comparison to the world: 67
by
type: bulk
carrier 20, cargo 29, chemical tanker
2, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 1,
roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned:
44
(Indonesia 2, North Korea 1, Russia 4,
Singapore 1, Turkey 1, Ukraine 1,
Vietnam 34) (2010)
|
|
|
|
Military
branches:
|
Mongolian
Armed Forces: Mongolian Army,
Mongolian Air Force; there is no navy
(2010)
|
|
Military
service age and obligation:
|
18-25
years of age for compulsory military
service; conscript service obligation
- 12 months in land or air defense
forces or police; a small portion of
Mongolian land forces (2.5 percent) is
comprised of contract soldiers; women
cannot be deployed overseas for
military operations (2006)
|
|
Manpower
available for military service:
|
males
age 16-49: 887,059
females
age 16-49: 880,788
(2010 est.)
|
|
Manpower
fit for military service:
|
males
age 16-49: 715,585
females
age 16-49: 748,083
(2010 est.)
|
|
Manpower
reaching militarily significant age
annually:
|
male:
29,240
female:
28,156
(2010 est.)
|
|
Military
expenditures:
|
1.4%
of GDP (2006)
country
comparison to the world: 106
|
|
|
|
Transnational
Issues ::Mongolia |
Disputes
- international:
|
none
|
|
|
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